What it is
Hyaluronic acid is a natural molecule your body makes all the time. It is not a peptide. It is a large sugar-based molecule that sits in your skin, your eyes and the fluid inside your joints. Its special skill is holding water: one molecule can hold up to 1,000 times its own weight in water. That makes it the body's best natural moisturiser and lubricant.
Your body makes less of it as you get older. By your mid-40s production has already dropped a lot, and by age 75 you may have only about one quarter of what you had at 19. This drop plays a direct part in wrinkles, thinner skin, stiff joints and dry-feeling tissue.
You can take hyaluronic acid as an oral supplement, apply it to your skin, or have it injected into a joint by a doctor. This page covers the oral form, which is sold as a dietary supplement without a prescription. When you buy it, look for a product that states the molecular weight range and the source. Most quality products give 100 to 200 mg per serving.
Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, forming long polysaccharide chains with exceptional water-binding capacity (up to 1,000 times its own weight). It is not a peptide. It is a core structural component of the extracellular matrix, the dermis and synovial fluid, with the highest concentrations in skin, eyes and joints.
Endogenous synthesis declines with age: production has fallen significantly by the mid-40s, and by age 75 tissue content may be only about one quarter of that at age 19. The decline contributes to wrinkling, dermal thinning, loss of synovial viscosity and joint stiffness.
In osteoarthritic joints both the concentration and the molecular weight of synovial hyaluronic acid fall, reducing viscosity and shock absorption and increasing cartilage friction. Injectable viscosupplementation targets this directly; topical products act on the surface only. The oral form, the subject of this page, is regulated as a dietary supplement. Products vary in molecular weight; both low (2 kDa) and high (300 kDa) molecular weight preparations have shown benefit in trials, with absorption data pointing to 500 to 700 kDa as an apparent optimum. Bacterial fermentation is the most common and purest production method.
How it works
Hyaluronic acid does three main things. First, it holds water. It binds water inside the scaffolding around your cells, keeping skin plump and stopping moisture from evaporating out through the skin. In joints, it keeps the fluid thick and slippery so bones glide instead of grinding.
Second, it gives structure. It works alongside collagen and elastin to hold the physical shape of skin, cartilage and other connective tissue. When levels fall, that framework weakens.
Third, it sends signals to cells. It attaches to markers on cell surfaces that help control inflammation and guide repair cells to damaged areas.
When you swallow hyaluronic acid, very little of it (about 0.2%) is absorbed whole, because the molecule is too big to pass through the gut wall. Instead, bacteria in your gut chop it into small fragments, and some of those fragments are absorbed. The skin benefits seen in trials appear to come from these fragments and the signals they trigger, not from whole hyaluronic acid travelling to your skin. Because gut bacteria do this work, results can vary from person to person, and one 2025 study found taking probiotics alongside it raised absorption by around 30%.
Three mechanisms are relevant. The first is hydration: each molecule immobilises water within the extracellular matrix, forming a hydrated gel that limits transepidermal water loss in skin and maintains the viscoelastic, shock-absorbing properties of synovial fluid. The second is structural: hyaluronic acid interacts with collagen and elastin to maintain the architecture of dermis, cartilage and connective tissue. The third is signalling: it binds the cell-surface receptors CD44 and RHAMM (receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility), modulating inflammation, cell migration and tissue regeneration during repair.
Oral pharmacology is more nuanced. Direct bioavailability of intact hyaluronic acid is approximately 0.2% (Huang et al., 2007); the polymer is too large for intestinal absorption. Gut bacteria, particularly Bacteroides species, cleave it into oligosaccharide fragments below 3 kDa that are partially absorbed, with residual fragments metabolised to short-chain fatty acids (Wei et al., 2023, Carbohydrate Polymers). Systemic effects observed in trials appear to arise from these absorbed fragments and their downstream signalling rather than from intact polymer reaching skin or joints. Bioavailability therefore depends on microbiome composition and varies between individuals; a 2025 study found probiotic co-administration increased absorption by approximately 30%.
What it does
Taken by mouth every day, hyaluronic acid slowly improves how hydrated and firm your skin is from the inside. Trials show better skin moisture, better bounce, smaller wrinkles and a stronger skin barrier, meaning less water escapes through the skin. A 2017 trial of 40 men and women taking 120 mg daily for 12 weeks found better wrinkle scores, water content and elasticity than placebo. A 2023 trial of 129 women found both 100 mg and 200 mg daily improved hydration within 2 to 8 weeks and thickened the outer skin layer by 12 weeks.
For joints, oral hyaluronic acid at 200 mg daily has some supporting evidence, but the strongest joint evidence is for injections done by a doctor, not the oral form. In practice users report clear skin changes but less consistent joint relief.
Oral hyaluronic acid produces measurable systemic effects on skin despite minimal intact absorption. Oe et al. (2017) enrolled 40 adults on 120 mg daily for 12 weeks and reported significantly improved wrinkle scores, water content and elasticity with reduced transepidermal water loss versus placebo, with benefits emerging at 8 weeks. Hsu et al. (2023) tested 100 mg and 200 mg daily in 129 women: hydration improved at 2 to 8 weeks across age groups, skin tone at 4 to 8 weeks and epidermal thickness at 12 weeks. Oe et al. (2021) compared 2 kDa and 300 kDa forms at 120 mg daily in 60 subjects over 12 weeks; both reduced wrinkles versus placebo, with the high molecular weight form slightly ahead at 8 weeks. Kim et al. (2025) found oral sodium hyaluronate improved hydration, barrier function and signs of ageing in 150 healthy adults.
For joints, the robust evidence is for intra-articular viscosupplementation (Bannuru et al., 2022; the AMELIA project, Navarro-Sarabia et al., 2011), not the oral route. Oral dosing at 200 mg daily carries some evidence for general joint support, and in practice users report modest or inconsistent joint effects alongside more reliable skin changes.
Benefits
Evidence grades: what the labels mean
- Human trials Supported by randomised or placebo-controlled human trials.
- Limited human data Some human evidence, such as pilot studies, case reports or observational data, but no controlled trials.
- Animal or lab only Shown in animal or cell studies only; not yet tested in people.
- Anecdotal No published studies; based on user reports or theory.
Each grade reflects the strongest published support for that specific claim, not for the compound as a whole.
- Deeper skin hydration from the insideHuman trials
- Firmer, more elastic skinHuman trials
- Fewer visible fine lines and wrinklesHuman trials
- Better skin tone and textureLimited human data
- A stronger skin barrier, so less moisture escapesLimited human data
- Some support for joint comfort at 200 mg dailyHuman trials
- Helps keep tendons, ligaments and other soft tissue hydratedAnimal or lab only
- Supports healing by helping calm inflammation and guide repair cellsAnimal or lab only
- Safe for long-term daily use: 200 mg daily is confirmed safe for at least 12 monthsHuman trials
- Increased dermal hydration via systemic action of absorbed oligosaccharide fragmentsHuman trials
- Improved skin elasticity and firmnessHuman trials
- Reduced wrinkle depth, significant by 8 to 12 weeksHuman trials
- Improved skin tone and increased epidermal thickness at 12 weeksLimited human data
- Reduced transepidermal water loss and improved barrier functionLimited human data
- Some evidence for joint support at 200 mg daily; the strong joint data belongs to intra-articular viscosupplementationHuman trials
- Maintains hydration of the extracellular matrix in tendons, ligaments and fasciaAnimal or lab only
- Modulates inflammation and promotes cell migration to injury sites via CD44; supports angiogenesis in healing tissueAnimal or lab only
- Excellent safety profile; 200 mg daily confirmed safe for at least 12 months of continuous useHuman trials
What to expect
Do not expect fast results. Oral hyaluronic acid works slowly. Most people notice their skin feels less dry or looks plumper at around 2 to 4 weeks. Measurable changes in wrinkles, bounce and skin barrier show up at 8 to 12 weeks. If you stop early, you will probably not see the full effect.
In practice users describe skin looking "dewy" after 4 to 8 weeks of 100 to 200 mg daily without changing their skincare routine. Joint improvements are reported less often; some people notice modest relief and others notice nothing.
Side effects are rare. Most trials found nothing different from placebo. A few people report mild stomach discomfort, which taking it with food may help. Taking it every day for the long term is considered safe.
Effects accrue gradually because the mechanism relies on progressive restoration of tissue hydration and extracellular matrix support. Trials consistently show hydration gains at 2 to 4 weeks, with wrinkle depth, elasticity and barrier function reaching significance at 8 to 12 weeks. Epidermal thickening was documented at 12 weeks in Hsu et al. (2023).
In practice users report improved hydration and plumpness after 4 to 8 weeks at 100 to 200 mg daily, often without modifying topical routines. Joint comfort reports are inconsistent, consistent with the weaker oral evidence for that endpoint. Inter-individual variability is expected given that oral bioavailability is microbiome-dependent.
Tolerability is excellent: most trials report no adverse events distinguishable from placebo, with occasional mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Long-term safety data support 200 mg daily for at least 12 months. A theoretical concern exists around CD44 expression in some tumour cells; no study has shown oral supplementation promotes tumour growth in humans, but individuals with a cancer history should consult a physician.
Reconstitution and dosing
Take 100 to 200 mg once a day with food. Most research points to 120 mg daily as an effective dose for skin. Pick your dose by your goal: 100 to 120 mg for skin hydration over 8 to 12 weeks, 120 to 200 mg for anti-ageing over 12 weeks or more, 200 mg for joint support over 12 weeks or more (best paired with exercise), or 100 mg ongoing for general maintenance.
Give it time. Early changes appear at 2 to 4 weeks and full effects at 8 to 12 weeks. Continuous daily use is safe and may keep adding benefit.
Products come in different molecular weights, and both low and high weight forms have worked in trials, so do not worry too much about this; the ideal range appears to be 500 to 700 kDa. Using a topical hyaluronic acid serum (0.1% to 0.3%) at the same time gives surface hydration on top of the deeper support from the oral dose. Joint injections are a doctor-only procedure, not something to do at home.
Clinical dosing is 100 to 200 mg daily, taken with food; 120 mg daily is the best-supported dose for skin endpoints. Goal-based tiers: skin hydration 100 to 120 mg for 8 to 12 weeks (benefits at weeks 4 to 8); skin anti-ageing 120 to 200 mg for 12+ weeks with continued use; joint support 200 mg for 12+ weeks, ideally combined with exercise; general maintenance 100 mg ongoing.
Onset is 2 to 4 weeks with full effect at 8 to 12 weeks. Continuous daily use is safe and may be cumulative; 200 mg daily is supported for at least 12 months.
Molecular weight: both 2 kDa and 300 kDa forms were effective at 120 mg daily (Oe et al., 2021), with high molecular weight slightly ahead at 8 weeks. Absorption data suggest 500 to 700 kDa as the apparent optimum, though products across a wide range have produced positive results. Because Bacteroides-mediated cleavage governs absorption, probiotic co-administration (approximately 30% higher absorption in a 2025 study) is a rational adjunct. Topical 0.1% to 0.3% products can be layered for surface hydration but do not reach the dermis. Intra-articular viscosupplementation (3 to 5 weekly injections, benefits lasting 6 to 12 months) is a physician-administered clinical procedure and not a home protocol.
Standard
Cycle: 8 to 12 weeks minimum; continuous daily use is safe · Frequency: Once daily with food
| When | Dose | How often |
|---|---|---|
| Starting | 100 mg daily | 1 |
| Full | 200 mg daily | 1 |
Who should avoid it
- Anyone with a known allergy to hyaluronic acid or any ingredient in the product should not take it.
- Anyone with an active infection at a joint should not have hyaluronic acid injected into that joint. This is a clinic-only procedure in any case.
- Anyone who reacts badly to products made by bacterial fermentation should check the source first. Most oral hyaluronic acid supplements are made this way rather than from animal tissue.
- People with a history of cancer should talk to their doctor before use. Some cancer cells carry high levels of a surface marker called CD44, which hyaluronic acid binds to. No study has shown oral hyaluronic acid causes or feeds cancer in humans, but the concern is unresolved.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use caution. Safety at supplement doses has not been established.
- People with severe kidney disease should use caution with injectable forms.
- Known hypersensitivity to hyaluronic acid or any excipient in the product.
- Active infection at the joint site (intra-articular injection only).
- Hypersensitivity to products derived from bacterial fermentation. Most oral hyaluronic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation rather than from animal sources, so product origin should be verified.
- History of cancer: caution. Some tumour cell lines overexpress CD44, the principal hyaluronan receptor, and there is a theoretical concern that supplementation could support the tumour growth environment. No published study demonstrates that oral hyaluronic acid causes cancer or promotes tumour growth in humans, but physician discussion is warranted.
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding: caution. Safety at supplemental doses has not been established.
- Severe kidney disease: caution with injectable forms.
Side effects
- Oral hyaluronic acid is very well tolerated. Most trials found no side effects that differed from placebo.
- Mild stomach discomfort happens occasionally but is uncommon. Taking it with food helps.
- Long-term data show 200 mg daily is safe for at least 12 months of continuous use.
- Joint injections (done by a doctor) commonly cause temporary pain at the injection site, warmth, swelling and stiffness for a few days. This usually clears within 48 to 72 hours. Rarely, a severe reaction that looks like an infection can occur and needs medical attention.
- Topical products may cause mild redness or irritation on sensitive skin. In very dry climates some users find topical hyaluronic acid makes skin feel drier.
- There is a theoretical cancer concern (see who should avoid), though no human study has shown harm from oral use.
- Oral: side effects are rare at recommended doses; most placebo-controlled trials report adverse events indistinguishable from placebo. Occasional mild gastrointestinal discomfort has been reported.
- Oral: long-term safety data support 200 mg daily for at least 12 months of continuous use.
- Intra-articular: transient injection-site pain, joint warmth, swelling and stiffness lasting a few days are common and expected, typically resolving within 48 to 72 hours. High molecular weight products may cause more injection-site reactions.
- Intra-articular: rare pseudoseptic reaction (severe pain and swelling mimicking infection) requiring medical assessment.
- Topical: mild irritation or erythema in sensitive skin. In low-humidity environments the humectant can draw water from deeper epidermal layers, producing a paradoxical drying effect reported by users.
- Theoretical CD44-mediated tumour growth environment concern; not demonstrated in any human study of oral supplementation.
What the evidence shows
Oral hyaluronic acid has a solid base of placebo-controlled trials for skin. A 2023 trial in 129 women tested 100 mg and 200 mg daily. Both doses improved skin hydration after 2 to 8 weeks, improved skin tone after 4 to 8 weeks, and thickened the outer skin layer after 12 weeks. A 2017 trial in 40 men and women taking 120 mg daily for 12 weeks found better wrinkle scores, water content and elasticity, with less water loss through the skin. Benefits showed at 8 weeks and continued to 12 weeks. A separate 12-week trial of 60 people compared a small (2 kDa) and a large (300 kDa) form of the molecule at 120 mg daily. Both worked; the large form was slightly better at 8 weeks. A 2025 trial in 150 healthy adults found improved hydration, barrier function and signs of ageing.
For joints, the strongest evidence is for injections done by a doctor, not for capsules. A 2022 review of 24 trials with 8,997 participants found moderate pain relief and better function, mainly in early to moderate osteoarthritis. The AMELIA trial followed patients for 40 months through four cycles of five weekly injections and found more responders with each cycle. Guidelines still disagree on how much these injections help.
One caveat: very little whole hyaluronic acid is absorbed when swallowed, about 0.2%. Gut bacteria break it into small fragments that are absorbed instead. A 2023 study showed that how well this works depends on your gut bacteria, and a 2025 study found taking it with probiotics raised absorption by about 30%.
Oral supplementation for skin is supported by several randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Hsu et al. (2023) enrolled 129 women and tested 100 mg and 200 mg daily; both doses significantly improved skin hydration after 2 to 8 weeks in younger and older age groups, skin tone improved after 4 to 8 weeks, and epidermal thickness increased after 12 weeks. Oe et al. (2017) gave 40 men and women 120 mg daily for 12 weeks and found significantly improved wrinkle scores, water content and elasticity with reduced transepidermal water loss versus placebo, with benefits emerging at 8 weeks. A separate 12-week trial in 60 subjects (Oe et al., 2021) compared 2 kDa and 300 kDa hyaluronan at 120 mg daily; both reduced wrinkles versus placebo, with the high molecular weight form slightly ahead at 8 weeks. Kim et al. (2025) reported improved hydration, barrier function and signs of ageing in 150 healthy adults on oral sodium hyaluronate. Long-term safety data support 200 mg daily for at least 12 months.
Mechanistically, intact oral bioavailability is approximately 0.2% (Huang et al., 2007). Wei et al. (2023) showed that Bacteroides species cleave hyaluronan into oligosaccharide fragments below 3 kDa that are partially absorbed, with the remainder metabolised to short-chain fatty acids; gut microbiota composition therefore determines bioavailability. A 2025 study found probiotic co-administration increased absorption by approximately 30%. Systemic effects are attributed to fragment signalling via CD44 and RHAMM rather than intact polymer reaching skin or synovium.
For joints, the evidence favours intra-articular viscosupplementation over oral use. Bannuru et al. (2022) pooled 24 large placebo-controlled trials with 8,997 participants and found moderate pain relief and functional improvement, most pronounced in early to moderate knee osteoarthritis. The AMELIA trial (Navarro-Sarabia et al., 2011), a 40-month multicentre RCT of four cycles of five weekly injections, showed responder rates rising with each cycle while placebo stayed flat. A 2025 umbrella review noted that guideline recommendations remain variable. High molecular weight products tend to perform better head-to-head but may cause more injection-site reactions.
User reports
From public forums
Users who take 100 to 200 mg daily by mouth consistently report skin that looks more hydrated and plump after 4 to 8 weeks. Many describe it as "dewy" or "less dry" even without changing their skincare routine. Reports on joint comfort are less consistent: some notice modest relief, others notice nothing.
Topical serums get mixed reviews. People in humid climates tend to like them. People in very dry climates sometimes find their skin feels drier, because the molecule pulls water from deeper skin when there is little moisture in the air.
Reports on knee injections are also mixed. Some people get relief lasting 6 to 12 months; others get little or none. Those who respond usually say the first cycle gives the biggest change and later cycles maintain it.
In practice, oral supplementation at 100 to 200 mg daily produces consistent reports of improved skin hydration and plumpness at 4 to 8 weeks, often described as a "dewy" appearance with no change to the topical regimen. This aligns with the 2 to 8 week hydration window seen in trials. Joint comfort reports are inconsistent, ranging from modest relief to no perceptible difference, which matches the weaker oral evidence for joints.
Topical use generates polarised reports. Users in humid climates describe strong hydration and texture improvements; users in low-humidity environments sometimes report increased dryness, consistent with the humectant drawing water from deeper epidermal layers rather than ambient air.
Intra-articular injection reports mirror the variable response rates in the literature. Responders describe relief lasting 6 to 12 months, with the first cycle producing the most pronounced improvement and later cycles maintaining rather than extending it. Non-responders report minimal or no benefit.
User reports are individual experiences submitted by site visitors. They are not medical advice, are not verified for accuracy, and do not reflect Amino Reference's views. Read the evidence section above and talk to a clinician. Full disclaimer.
Stacking
BPC-157 helps repair damaged tissue and grow new blood vessels. Hyaluronic acid keeps the tissue scaffolding hydrated. Together they cover repair and cushioning for joints and connective tissue. No known interaction.
BPC-157 acts through angiogenesis, cell migration and tissue repair pathways; hyaluronic acid supports extracellular matrix hydration and structure. Complementary mechanisms for joint and connective tissue support with no interaction concerns.
TB-500 supports cell movement to injured areas and tissue repair. Hyaluronic acid supports the hydrated matrix those cells work in. A common pairing for joints and connective tissue. No known interaction.
TB-500 promotes cell migration and angiogenesis; hyaluronic acid maintains the hydrated extracellular matrix. Complementary mechanisms for joint and connective tissue support with no interaction concerns.
GHK-Cu prompts the skin to make more collagen and elastin, the proteins that give it structure. Hyaluronic acid hydrates the gel those proteins sit in. Together they address structure and hydration. No known interaction.
GHK-Cu stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis; hyaluronic acid hydrates the extracellular matrix those structural proteins are embedded in. Addresses both the protein and hydration components of skin and connective tissue health with no interaction concerns.
- Collagen peptides
Collagen peptides supply the building blocks for collagen. Hyaluronic acid keeps the surrounding matrix hydrated. They work on different parts of the same problem. No known interaction.
Oral collagen peptides provide amino acid substrate for collagen synthesis; oral hyaluronic acid supports the hydrated matrix collagen fibres are embedded in. Complementary mechanisms with no interaction concerns.
No interaction; they can be taken together. Hyaluronic acid may help skin elasticity during large weight loss, when loose skin is a worry.
No interaction; concurrent use is acceptable. Hyaluronic acid may support skin elasticity during significant weight loss where skin laxity is a concern.
Common questions
Does oral hyaluronic acid actually reach the skin and joints?
Not in its whole form. Only about 0.2% of whole hyaluronic acid is absorbed. Gut bacteria break it into smaller fragments that are absorbed and appear to trigger effects on skin hydration and elasticity. Several placebo-controlled trials confirm real improvements despite this.
Intact oral bioavailability is approximately 0.2%. Bacteroides species cleave hyaluronan into oligosaccharide fragments below 3 kDa that are partially absorbed, and systemic effects on hydration, elasticity and tissue health appear to be mediated by these fragments and downstream signalling. Multiple placebo-controlled trials confirm measurable improvements despite low direct bioavailability.
Is oral or topical better for skin?
They do different jobs. Topical hydrates the surface right away but does not go deep. Oral works from within on the deeper layers over weeks. Using both gives the most complete approach.
Topical hyaluronic acid (typically 0.1% to 0.3%) hydrates the stratum corneum immediately but does not penetrate to the dermis. Oral supplementation acts systemically on hydration, elasticity and barrier function in deeper layers. Combining both provides surface and dermal support.
Are injections needed for joint problems?
Only if you have diagnosed osteoarthritis that has not improved with other treatments. Oral hyaluronic acid at 200 mg daily has some evidence for general joint support, but the strongest joint pain evidence is for injections given by a doctor.
Intra-articular viscosupplementation is indicated for diagnosed osteoarthritis unresponsive to other treatments and carries the strongest evidence for pain relief. Oral supplementation at 200 mg daily has some evidence for general joint support but is not a substitute.
How long before results appear with oral use?
Skin hydration usually improves at 2 to 4 weeks. Wrinkle and elasticity changes become measurable at 8 to 12 weeks. It is a gradual process.
Hydration improvements appear at 2 to 4 weeks; wrinkle depth, elasticity and barrier function changes become significant at 8 to 12 weeks, reflecting gradual restoration of extracellular matrix hydration.
Can it be taken with other supplements or medications?
Yes. Hyaluronic acid has no known interactions with common supplements, peptides or medications at normal oral doses.
No known interactions with common supplements, peptides or medications at standard oral doses.
Does molecular weight matter for oral supplements?
Both small and large forms have worked in trials. The ideal range appears to be 500 to 700 kDa based on absorption data, but products across a wide range have produced good results. Look for a product that states its molecular weight and source.
Both low (2 kDa) and high (300 kDa) molecular weight forms improved skin in a 12-week trial, with high molecular weight slightly ahead at 8 weeks. Absorption data suggest an optimal range of 500 to 700 kDa, though products across a wide range have produced positive results.
Is long-term daily use safe?
Yes. Long-term studies show 200 mg daily is safe for at least 12 months of continuous use, and benefits may build up over time.
Long-term safety data support 200 mg daily for at least 12 months of continuous use. Continuous daily use may provide cumulative benefits.
References
- Oe M, Sakai S, Yoshida H, et al. Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study over a 12-week period. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2017;10:267-273.
- Hsu TF, Su ZR, Hsieh YH, et al. Oral administration of hyaluronic acid to improve skin conditions via a randomized double-blind clinical test. Skin Research and Technology. 2023;29(11):e13531.
- Oe M, Tashiro T, Yoshida H, et al. Oral Hyaluronan Relieves Wrinkles and Improves Dry Skin: A 12-Week Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2220.
- Kim S, Kishore P, et al. Oral sodium hyaluronate improves skin hydration, barrier function and signs of aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 150 healthy adults. Scientific Reports. 2025;15:8345.
- Huang SL, Ling PX, Zhang TM. Oral absorption of hyaluronic acid and phospholipids complexes by rats. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;13(6):945-949.
- Wei W, Ren J, Yin W, et al. Molecular weight and gut microbiota determine the bioavailability of orally administered hyaluronic acid. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2023;307:120627.
- Bannuru RR, Osani MC, Vaysbrot EE, et al. Viscosupplementation for knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e065773.
- Navarro-Sarabia F, Coronel P, Collantes E, et al. A 40-month multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and carry-over effect of repeated intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in knee osteoarthritis: the AMELIA project. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2011;70(11):1957-1962.
- Cleveland Clinic. Hyaluronic Acid: What It Is, Benefits, How To Use & Side Effects. 2023.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. Hyaluronic Acid. StatPearls. 2023.
This entry was written from additional reference material. Units are recomputed from the stated protocol.